International journal of economic perspectives

Tax incentives as a strategic lever for supporting startups and advancing the transition toward a green economy in Algeria

Benkhamallah Tarek — 2026-05-03

This paper examines the role of tax incentives as a strategic policy lever for supporting startup ecosystems and advancing Algeria's transition toward a green economy. Drawing on international experiences from emerging and developed economies, the study analyzes the theoretical foundations, design considerations, and implementation mechanisms of fiscal instruments targeting green entrepreneurship. The analysis reveals that while Algeria has established a nascent startup legal framework and identified green economy priorities, significant gaps persist in the coherence, targeting, and effectiveness of tax incentives. The paper proposes a sequenced reform agenda comprising short-term administrative simplifications and medium-term structural frameworks aligned with sectoral green priorities. Comparative case studies from Egypt, Jordan, Kenya, and Tunisia illustrate design choices relevant to the Algerian context. The findings emphasize that tax incentives alone are insufficient without complementary institutional coordination, monitoring frameworks, and integration with financial ecosystem actors. The study contributes to policy debates on fiscal innovation for sustainable development in resource-dependent economies transitioning toward economic diversification.

Performance and Sharia Compliance of Islamic consumer financing: Evidence from the foreign bank of Algeria (BEA) – Arzew Branch (2020–2024)

Farida Lakahal — 2026-05-21

This article aims to analyze the experience of implementing Islamic finance at the Foreign bank of Algeria through a case study of the Arzew branch during the period 2020–2024, which marked the effective launch of Islamic banking in Algeria's public banks following the issuance of the regulatory framework in 2020. The study adopted a descriptive, analytical, and statistical approach to present the theoretical concepts of Islamic finance, identify its adopted modes, and analyze its operational and financial performance within the branch. The results indicate that the integration of Islamic products—primarily murabaha, ijara, and mudaraba—has enhanced the branch's attractiveness and attracted new customer segments, despite challenges related to awareness-raising, marketing, and competency development. The study concludes that advancing Islamic finance requires updating management mechanisms, expanding the product base, and supporting digital transformation to achieve greater efficiency in Islamic banking within Algerian banks.

Emperical Comparative Study of GARCH Family Models for Stock Volatility Forecasting in India’s Pharma and IT Sectors

kiran katepogu — 2025-12-12

In this paper, we analyse the stock return volatility in the Pharma and IT sectors of India by employing GARCH family models ARCH, GARCH(1,1), TARCH(1,1), EGARCH(1,1), and PGARCH(1,1) to the daily stock returns from 2014 to 2025. The analysis aims to find the best model that accounts for volatility clustering and asymmetries within these sectors. The analysis demonstrates that while all models incorporated volatility clustering to some degree, asymmetrical models such as EGARCH(1,1) and PGARCH(1,1) did markedly better. In the IT sector, EGARCH(1,1) also outperformed all other models, achieving very significant results for INFOSYS (z = -10.47, p = 0.000) and TCS (z = -5.57, p = 0.000), and having lower AIC values (-4.803 for INFOSYS) and Log-Likelihood (6656.31 for TCS) scores. In the Pharma Sector, PGARCH(1,1) did outperform all models, CIPLA's Log-Likelihood of 7478.81 and AIC of -6.031. The results show that for sector-specific volatility forecasting, GARCH models proved more useful and provide better insight for investors and portfolio risk managers as well as supported strategic business decisions.

The varied effect of human capital on industrialisation in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA): the role of institutions

Duclo Bouwawe — 2025-12-10

In Chapter VIII of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, human capital has an important role to play in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This study examines the role of institutions in the effect of human capital on manufacturing sector growth in 30 sub-Saharan African countries. To this end, the study uses a dynamic panel model using the generalized method of moments in the system over the period 1995-2018. The results show that secondary and tertiary enrolment rates have a positive and significant relationship with manufacturing value added growth, while primary enrolment rates show mixed effects. This demonstrates the differentiated nature of human capital. The results also show that human capital and institutional quality are conditionally productive. The results show that the effect of human capital on industrialisation is mediated by institutional quality. These results call on African governments to promote the development of the industrial manufacturing sector by improving the institutional framework to enable citizens to increase their level of education.

THE CORE OF INEQUALITY OF INCOME, GENDER BIAS & HEALTH.

Benjir Kamal — 2025-12-07

Abstract:

According to my view - “inequality is an never ending process

because of “productivity”.The term “productivity” itself used here at

macro sense.Some of the time inequality of income, caste,race,

social and political stakeholder classify through their own views and

actual position in the society.If anybody asked me - Is inequality

revoke from our entire society?Then my answer would be - No!.

Inequality it’s not for income but also social position, race,caste and

political dominance.If we think of inequality intuitively then we

observe - Somethings which are not equally distributed among the

mob or somethings some people gets more than others.Why

inequality is an never ending process – because its mixed with our

thinking, blood, perception of approach about somethings.Here the

word “blood” used as ironically rather than any other economic

sense.We know “blood” circulate in the whole part of the human’s

body,in that’s way inequality circulate in the whole society through

gender inequality, income inequality, religion & Caste inequality,

political & social inequality,etc.Productivity is an long run process

which takes time to gets somethings which beyond our

capacity!Here “Productivity” define human productivity rather than

economic productivity.Its important that economic productivity also

directly depends on human’s Productivity.Because productivity is not

about skills, education, knowledge, efficiency, talent, power of

thinking, innovation – it’s something which beyond the human

beings! It takes time to add slowly through our entire life, some one

add more, some one less.This gap also raise due to inequality causes.

Does housing sector expenditure crowd out real estate growth?

naftaly Mose — 2025-12-21

The issue of whether government spending on housing mitigates or hinders residential investment and housing supply remains debatable. This study examines the impact of government housing spending on housing supply in Kenya from 1980 to 2024. This study employed a time series data regression method, utilizing a fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) approach and the Granger causality test, to examine the relationship between the study variables. A unit root test is conducted to determine whether the time series variable is non-stationary and possesses a unit root. The results showed that government housing expenditure has a negative and significant impact on the supply of housing in Kenya. A 1% change in public housing expenditure can potentially decrease the number of housing units supplied by 0.77 units in Kenya. Findings suggest that public spending can harm housing sector investment, employment and slow housing supply. The Granger causality test confirms that past values of government expenditure significantly predict future changes in housing supply. However, the negative impact and the lack of a reverse causal flow from public spending to the supply of housing indicate that government expenditure on housing is not optimally allocated and needs reprioritization. The study recommends that the government should leverage private sector expertise and funding to build and maintain houses, potentially reducing costs and improving government expenditure efficiency. A balanced approach that combines government support with market-based solutions is crucial for addressing the housing crisis in the Kenyan construction sector.